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The Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections

RG85: Shalom Schwarzbard

Shalom Schwarzbard

Abstract

This finding aid is scheduled to be upgraded and linked to digital images for the Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections project.

Shalom Schwarzbard was a Russian Jewish revolutionary and activist in the Jewish self-defence movement. In May 1926 in Paris Shalom Schwarzbard assassinated the exiled Ukrainian leader, Symon Petliura, whom Shalom Schwarzbard held responsible for pogroms against Jews in the years 1918-1920. The trial of Shalom Schwarzbard that followed drew worldwide attention. The collection consists of correspondence, manuscripts of Shalom Schwarzbard's autobiographical works, personal documents, poems, and newspaper clippings. Materials in this collection mostly relate to Shalom Schwarzbard's writings and his efforts on behalf of the Jewish war victims and Jewish war veterans of the First World War.

Scope and Content of Materials

The collection contains correspondence of Shalom Schwarzbard which covers roughly the period of 1920-1936. A great deal of correspondence deals with matters of Jewish self-defense, and the veterans' movement. Among Shalom Schwarzbard's correspondents one can find Élie Eberlin, World Organization of Jewish Self-Defence, or World Organization of Jewish Invalids. Some letters express encouragement and support for Shalom Schwarzbard's act of assassination of the former Ukrainian leader, Symon Petliura. Another portion of the correspondence includes various publishers and newspapers that were offering collaboration or were willing to publish Shalom Schwarzbard's pieces. The manuscripts of Shalom Schwarzbard's autobiographical texts seem to have been mostly written at the prison La Santé in Paris, France, where Shalom Schwarzbard awaited his trial. Shalom Schwarzbard's writings are mostly in Yiddish, but for some texts there is also a French translation.

Scope and Content of Materials

The collection consists of correspondence, newspaper clippings, manuscripts and notes that relate primarily to the Schwarzbard trial and its aftermath. Correspondence with organizations: Agudah Ateret Zion, Yidish Natsionaler Arbeter Farband, Yidisher Studentn Fareyn, Jewish Agency, *Der Tog*, *Unzer tsayt*, YIVO Institute, Ligue Internationale Contre L'antisemitisme, *Morgn zhurnal*, Federation de Societes Juives de France, Jewish Veterans Organization. Correspondence with individuals: Joseph Barondess, Alberto Bianchi, Zelig Kalmanovitch, Israel Ostroff, Noah Prylucki, Anna Schwarzbard, William Zukerman. Manuscripts: typescripts of memoirs *In krig mit zikh aleyn* (At War With Myself). Poems about Schwarzbard's assassination of Petlyura. Poems by Anna Schwarzbard. Clippings about Schwarzbard. Personal documents.

Historical Note

Shalom Schwarzbard was born on August 18, 1886 in Izmail, Bessarabia, then part of the Russian Empire. The family soon moved to Balta, where his father Yitskhok Schwarzbard opened a small grocery store. Shalom Schwarzbard later learned the watchmaker's craft there.

In the early 1900s Shalom Schwarzbard became active in the radical socialist movement in Russia and was a member of the Jewish self-defense units during the pogroms of 1905-1907. Shortly thereafter, Shalom Schwarzbard left Russia. He travelled through Lemberg (Lwów, now L'viv, Ukraine), Budapest, Vienna, Italy, and ended up in Paris, France in 1910, where he worked at various watchmaker workshops.

After the outbreak of the First World War, Shalom Schwarzbard joined the French Foreign Legion. In March 1916, he was seriously injured and later was awarded the Croix de Guerre . In 1917 Shalom Schwarzbard returned to Russia and joined the Red Guard in Odessa.

During the civil war of 1918-1920, while Ukrainian forces defended national independence of the Ukraine against the Bolshevik armies and Polish territorial claims, chaos and lawlessness were rampant in the Ukraine. The pogroms that took place in the Ukraine during this time shocked the public with their brutality and and the number of their victims. According to conservative estimates 50,000 Jews fell victim to these massacres. This wave of violence was perceived as the gravest since the uprising of Bohdan Khmel´nyts´kyi in 1648-1649.

Victims and their relatives, as well as public figures concerned with this wave of violence held Symon Petliura responsible for the atrocities committed in the Ukraine. A Ukrainian nationalist and journalist, Symon Petliura, became Minister of War ( holovny ataman ) in the Ukrainian Central Rada , and later President of the Directorate. Although the central Ukrainian government functioned under conditions of civil war, in the eyes of the victims of the pogroms and their relatives, Symon Petliura did little to stop the pogroms. As the commander of the Ukrainian army, he was therefore perceived as the ultimate perpetrator of the atrocities.

In 1920 Shalom Schwarzbard returned to Paris, where he made his living as a watchmaker. In 1925 he was awarded French citizenship. After seeking unsuccessfully to call attention to these crimes committed against the Jewish population in Ukraine in his writing, on May 25, 1926, Shalom Schwarzbard took justice into his own hands and assassinated the former Ukrainian leader, Symon Petliura, in Paris.

Both Shalom Schwarzbard and Symon Petliura immediately became public symbols. While Shalom Schwarzbard was called a Jewish national hero and appeals were made to Jews all over the world to contribute financially to his defense, Symon Petliura suddenly became a martyr of the Ukrainian émigré community and his death unified the hitherto divided Ukrainian exiles. Many Ukrainian emigrés believed that Shalom Schwarzbard was a Bolshevik agent who carried out the assassination under orders from Moscow.

Shalom Schwarzbard took responsibility for the assassination which he considered to be an act of justice. In his defense of Shalom Schwarzbard, at the trial that followed, Henri Torrès concentrated on presenting the story of the pogroms and demonstrating Symon Petliura's responsibility for them. A great number of publicly recognized personalities, such as Henri Bergson, Romain Rolland, Albert Einstein, and Alexander Kerensky volunteered to testify on Shalom Schwarzbard's behalf, and the former Prime Minister of Hungary Mihaly Károlyi prepared an analysis of the Jewish problem in Central and Eastern Europe for the defense. In the end, the court acquitted Shalom Schwarzbard, who was released from the prison La Santé after almost a year and half.

After his release, Shalom Schwarzbard attended many meetings and gatherings around the world at the invitation of various Jewish organizations where he spoke about Jewish self-defense and the pogroms in the Ukraine. He also became active in the organizations of the veterans and victims of the First World War.

Shalom Schwarzbard was the author of several mostly autobiographical works Milkhome bilder (Pictures from the War), Fun tifen obgrund (From the Abyss), In krig mit zikh aleyn (In War with Myself) and his memoirs In'm loyf fun yorn (In the Course of Years). He also published poetry under the title Troymen un verlekhkayt (Dreams and Reality).

Shalom Schwarzbard died in Cape Town, South Africa on March 3, 1938.

Historical Note

Jewish revolutionary in Russia who assassinated Simon Petlyura, Ukrainian leader and commander of the Cossack units which carried out pogroms against Jews in the years 1918-1920. Schwarzbard was active in the revolutionary movement of 1905 and participated in Jewish self-defense during the pogroms of 1905-1907. During World War I he joined the French Foreign Legion and was awarded the Croix de Guerre. In 1917 he returned to Russia and joined the Red Guard in Odessa and fought against the Ukrainian units. Fifteen of Schwarzbard's relatives were murdered in the pogroms. Schwarzbard returned to Paris in 1920. In May 1926 Schwarzbard assassinated Petlyura who had settled in Paris the same year. He was acquitted in the trial which followed. Born in Bessarabia. Lived in Paris. Died in Cape Town, South Africa.

Series and Folders

3 Seriess Showing 1 - 3

Series I: Correspondence , 1920-1939

The correspondence consists of letters between Shalom Schwarzbard and individuals and organizations. The series contains letters of encouragements, support, and gratitude to Shalom Schwarzbard for his act. Invitations and notices announcing Shalom Schwarzbard's speeches, as well as letters of various political and cultural organizations that were involved in fostering Jewish self-defense, are included in this series. Other significant portions of letters come from Jewish newspapers and magazines, mostly in France or in New York. This correspondence deals with translation and copyrights for Shalom Schwarzbard's memoirs, requests for articles and offers of collaboration.

The series also contains letters of once leading personalities of the radical socialist or anarchist movement, such as Boris Yelensky , who was Secretary Treasurer of the Shalom Schwarzbard Arrangement Committee in Chicago that was preparing Shalom Schwarzbard's tour in the United States and Canada in 1934, Moshe Rogers, a secretary of that committee, Marc Jarblum , and Rudolf Rocker . There are many letters of Shalom Schwarzbard's friend Jacob Blumstein-Sela in years 1929-1930. The letters are both in French and Hebrew. The correspondence with family members is also part of this series in the folder Family and family friends and is also both in French and Yiddish. Many of these letters were written during the period when Shalom Schwarzbard awaited his trail at the prison La Santé .

There are relatively few materials directly related to Shalom Schwarzbard's trial or his act. Among the exceptions are letters written by Elie Dobkovsky who participated in the trial with Shalom Schwarzbard and in his long letter tried to explain why he witnessed against him, and Shalom Schwarzbard's letters to J.M. Zalkind written from the prison.

Several letters that are in the folder labelled Unidentified correspondence were eventually identified; however, they remained in their original location.

15 Folders Showing 1 - 15

Folder 876: א (A, Id, O) , 1924-1937

Agudah Ateres Tsion (Paris, France)

Unzer Tsayt (then Kishinev, Romania; now Chisinau, Moldova)

Urdang, Morris (Paris, France)

Jewish National Workers' Alliance (New York, N.Y., Philadelphia, Penn.; Atlanta, Ga.)

Yidishe anarkhistishe grupe (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Yidishe ratsyonalistishe gezelshaft (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Yidishe tsaytung (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Yidisher studentn fareyn / Association des étudiants juifs de Nancy (Nancy, France)

Yidisher klub for frayer diskusye [Jewish Club for Free Discussion] (Paris, France)

Izgur, ? (Los Angeles, Calif.)

Ikht, Yitzkhok (Manchester, England)

Amalgamated Cooperative Houses (New York, N.Y.)

French Embassy (Moscow, Soviet Union)

American Consular Service (Paris, France)

Astor (Niagara Falls, N.Y.)

Ostroff, Israel

Axer, A. (Zürich, Switzerland)

Workers' Circle Friendly Society (London, England)

Workmen's Circle / Arbeter Ring (Albany, N.Y.; Los Angeles, Calif.; Portland, Or.; Seattle, Wash.)

Aronson, ?

Folder 877: ב (B) , 1927-1935

Boston, Mrs. ? (Hackney, England)

Barondess, Joseph (New York, N.Y.)

Bartkowski, Fiszel (ód, Poland)

?, Boris (Paris, France)

Brzustowski, Ch. J. (ód, Poland)

Bibliotekn [Libraries] (Paris, France)

Bycher kooperativ [Cooperative Books] (Warszawa, Poland)

Beirach, Salomon (Beyrok, Shlomo) (Bronx, N.Y.)

Birnbaum, Julius (Denver, Colo.)

Bloumenthal, Hersch (Paris, France)

Folder 878: ב , 1928-1935

Blurstein, Jacob (Tel Aviv, Palestine)

Blaustein-Sela, Jacob

Folder 879: ב (Bl, Br) , 1929-1939

Blekman, ? (Los Angeles, Calif.)

Berenbaum, Dani (Denver, Colo.)

Betsal'el (Academy)

Brown, S. (London, England)

Brotman, A.G. (London, England)

Braverman, Kayla (San Francisco, Calif.)

Brupbacher, Paulette (Zürich, Switzerland)

Folder 880: ג (G) , 1923-1928

Gabbai, Jacques A. (Cairo, Egypt)

Goldblatt, B. (San Francisco, Calif.)

Goldenberg, S. (Paris, France)

Golub, A. (London, England)

Gorelik, Anatoli (Remedios de Escalada, Argentina) together with Bianchi, Alberto and others (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Grossman, Vladimir (Paris, France; New York, N.Y.)

Grünberg, Chaim (then Lwów, Poland ; now L’viv, Ukraine)

Folder 881: ד (D, Jew) , 1922-1935

Dobkovsky, Elie (Paris?, France)

Davydoff (Roscoff, France)

Dave, Victor (Montrouge, France)

Dubnow-Fund (Paris, France)

Durand, Bernard (Paris, France)

Jewish Agency for Palestine (Jarusalem, Palestine, now Israel)

The Jewish World (Philadelphia, Pa.)

The Jewish Times (London, England)

Jewish Theological Seminary of America (New York, N.Y.)

Jewish National and University Library (Jerusalem, Palestine)

Diamondstein, B. (London, England)

Folder 882: וו ,ה (H, V, W) , 1927-1936

Hochstein, Léon (Antwerp, Belgium)

Hassid, Victor (Tunis, Tunisia)

Hoykhboym, Yakov (Nancy, France)

HIAS (Paris, France)

Haynt [Today] (Warszawa, Poland)

Hermant, ?

Herscovici, H. (Paris, France)

Union des jeunesses juives (Paris, France)

Immigration and Naturalization Service (New York, N.Y.)

Di Vokh / La Semaine [The Week] (Nancy, France)

Volski, B. (Paris, France)

Weill-Goudchaux, Serge (Paris, France)

Weinberg, Arthur

Weinberg, B. (London, England)

Weissman, A. (Paris, France)

Williams, W.N. (Highgate, England)

Wyler, Veit (Zürich, Switzerland)

Vinograd, D. (Warsaw, Poland)

Folder 883: י ,ט ,ז (Z, T, Y, J) , 1926-1937

Zolgin, Bessie

Zalkind, J.M. (Shalom Schwarzbard's letters from the Prison de la Santé , Paris, France)

Der Tog [The Day] (New York, N.Y.)

Torrès, Henri (Paris, France)

Tuzman (Tussman), Malka

Twersky, Moshe

Tigel, Z.

Tedesko, G. A.

La Terre Retrouvée [Rediscovered Land]

Trommer, Lazarus (Glendale, N.Y.)

Tsharney, ? (Philadelphia, Penn.)

Tchizev Initiative Committee

Tcherikower, Elias

Yanowski, M.D. (Vincennes, France)

Jacobsohn, Hans (Berlin-Schöneberg, Germany)

Jarblum, M. [Marc?] (Paris, France)

Juedische Kultur-Varwaltung (Talinn, Estonia)

Javetz, V. L. (London, England)

Jevdikov

Jakton (Tallinn, Estonia)

Folder 884: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research (Wilno, Poland) , 1929-1930

Folder 885: מ ,ל (L, M) , 1920-1934

Landau, S. R. (Vienna, Austria)

Loss, Raphael (Paris, France)

Liberman, M. (London, England)

Ligue internationale contre l'antisémitisme (Paris, France)

Levant Fair (Tel-Aviv, Palestina)

Lévy, ? (Paris, France)

Modern Press (New York, N.Y.)

Moses, David (Tel-Aviv, Palestine; Cairo, Egypt)

Mayor of Berchères-la-Maingot

Malobrodsky, L. (then Kisinev, Romania; now Chisinau, Moldova)

Der Moment [The Moment]

The Jewish Morning Journal (New York, N.Y.)

Maslan, Aaron L. (Seattle, Wash.)

Matzkain, ?

Murro, Moses (Jarusalem, Palestine; Chicago, Ill.)

Meiman, Moshe (Paris, France)

?, Miriam (Winnipeg, Man.)

Folder 886: Family (Mishpokhe) and family friends , 1922-1934

Schwarzbard, Anna (wife)

?, Louise

?, Georgette

?, Benjamin (brother-in-law)

Schwarzbard, Ferdinand (brother Froike/Ephraim)

Fouchs, A.(Paris, France)

Schwarzbard, Salomon (Vichy, France)

?, Masha (sister?)(Ratnitsa?, Moldavian ASSR)

Khaskin, D.

Folder 887: צ ,פ ,ף ,ע ,ס ,נ (N, S, E, P, F, Z, Ch) , 1928-1937

Folder 888: ר ,ק (K, R) , 1923-1936

Kagan, ? (Paris, France)

Kahan, Ab. (Paris, France)

Kalmanovich, Zelig (Paris, France)

Comité des délégations juives (Paris, France)

Cohn, Michael A. (Brooklyn, N.Y.)

Capitanchik, J. (London, England)

Korn, M.

Tsentraler kultur-rat (Paris, France)

Ligue juive d'enseignement (Paris, France)

Keen, M.D. (New York, N.Y.)

Kessary, Ouri (Paris, France)

Klasser, Oyzer (Winnipeg, Man.)

Club de la jeunesse juive (Paris, France)

Kessel, Joseph (Paris, France)

Keren Hayesod (Paris, France)

Jewish National Fund - Keren kayemet le-Yi´sra'el (Jerusalem, Palestine)

Robinson, H. (London, England)

Robinfien (Chicago, Ill.)

Rogooland, Celia (Denver, Colo.)

Rosenberg, A. (Glowno, Poland)

Rotenberg, Isaack (South Haven, Mich )

Razsviet (Paris, France)

Rocker, Rudolf (Berlin-Neukölln, Germany; Neunkirchen, Germany)

?, Rivka (New York, N.Y.)

Rubchinsky, W. (London, England)

Rubins, Feygl (Paris, France)

Rubenstein, Harry H. (Denver, Colo.)

Raisin, Max (Paterson, N.J.)

Reischer, M (Metz, France)

Les Revues (Paris, France)

Folder 889: ש ,ר (R, Sch, Sh) , 1927-1936

Rogers, Moshe (Bronx, N.Y.)

Yelensky, Boris and Bessie (Chicago, Ill.)

Schwartz, Désiré (Paris, France)

Schwarzbard, Anna

Statman, Chaim (Mexico City, Mexico)

Stein, David (New York, N.Y.)

Stern, Hannah? (Paris, France, Zürich, Switzerland)

Brupbacher?, Paulette (Zürich, Switzerland)

Schneider, ? (Paris, France)

Sherman, Max (Los Angeles, Calif.)

Folder 890: Unidentified letters , n.d., 1929, 1932, 1935

?, Jaakov (Paris, France)

Gita and Perl

Chodorov (Paris, France)

Hakohen, Yehoshua Ben David

(Pittsburgh, Penn.)

Gold, M.?, David (ship Cap Arcona)

?, Genia and ?, Leon (Paris, France)

Letter from an uncle

Polishuck, Esther (?)

Davydoff ?

Gold, ?

Pomerantz (?) (London, England)

Kohn, Etl (Boston, Mass.)

?,? (Berlin, Germany)

see details for 15 folders

Series II: Manuscripts , n.d., 1926-1934

This series contains various versions, drafts, and notes of Shalom Schwarzbard's autobiographical works In krig mit zikh aleyn (At War with Myself), his memoirs, as well as several of his poems. Shalom Schwarzbard's work In krig mit zikh aleyn (At War with Myself) is in both Yiddish and French version. Manuscripts of poems of which some were later published in an anthology Troyme un verlekhkayt can be found together with several theater pieces in this series too. Many of these texts, above all Shalom Schwarzbard's In krig mit zikh aleyn , were written in the prison La Santé as indicated on the cover of the notebooks. The series also contains manuscripts, drafts of newspaper articles, excerpts from books on the origin of religion and mythology, and notes from writings of leftist political writers, including Karl Marx and Leon Trotsky. The series also contains several unidentified texts and fragments, mostly undated.

11 Folders Showing 1 - 11

Folder 891: In krig mit zikh aleyn (At War with Myself) – Manuscript written in the form of a diary , 1926, 1933-1934

Also includes catalog card and certificate of copyright registration of the Congress Library

Folder 892: In krig mit zikh aleyn (At War with Myself) – Typescript, Yiddish version , 1933-1934

Also includes newspaper clippings from the memoirs

Folder 893: In krig mit zikh aleyn (At War with Myself) - French translation, typewritten , n.d.

Folder 894: In krig mit zikh aleyn (At War with Myself) - French translation, typewritten , n.d.

Folder 895: In krig mit zikh aleyn (At War with Myself) - French translation, typewritten , n.d.

Folder 896: Memoirs – Manuscript, typescript , n.d., 1926

The expenses for food written in a notebook

Folder 897: Poems and theatre pieces , n.d., 1934?

Troymen un verklekhkayt [Dreams and Reality]

Also includes several theatre plays

Folder 898: Various manuscripts, excerpts, and notes , n.d.

Folder 899: Manuscripts - French , n.d., 1932

Draft of autobiography

Une halte dans un cimetière juif (Montevideo, 1932)

Le neophyte

Folder 900: Memoirs and various manuscripts in Yiddish , n.d., 1927, 1933

Folder 901: Various manuscripts, notes, and bibliographic notes , 1922-1934

see details for 11 folders

Series III: Personal papers and varia , 1891-1958

This series contains mixed material. It includes several folders with correspondence, of which one part, originating mostly in years 1934-1935, deals mostly with organizing the congress of Jewish victims of the First World War. This congress was also one of the topics that Shalom Schwarzbard discussed during his North American tour in 1934. The correspondence includes letters of Shalom Schwarzbard to various veteran organizations in France, Germany, the United States, and Latvia. After his acquittal Shalom Schwarzbard worked for several insurance companies , among others also with Judea Insurance Company, Le Phénix (Autrichien) , and Confederation Life Association. Correspondence with those companies and some of Shalom Schwarzbard's clients together with certificates and receipts can be found in this series.

This series also contains several poems, some of which were written by Anna Schwarzbard , the wife of Shalom Schwarzbard. The poems of other authors treat the assassination and express gratitude to Shalom Schwarzbard for his deed, among which is also Shalom Schwarzbard's poem Di nekomeh (The Revenge).

The posters and fliers for meetings with Shalom Schwarzbard or public lectures may also be of interest to researchers. These meetings took place throughout the northern hemisphere from Paris, France and Denmark to Lakewood, New Jersey. A great number of these flyers relate to Shalom Schwarzbard's tour in the United States.

The series also contains several of Shalom Schwarzbard's articles. The articles are mostly written in Yiddish, but several were translated into Spanish. The folder includes a serialized article " Fun mayn milkhome togbukh " [From my war dairy] that was published in Der arbeter fraynd , also Shalom Schwarzbard's articles for La Voz libertaria / Frayheyts stime , in Der moment , and series of articles in El Diario israelita / Yidishe tsaytung . The other newspaper articles in this series pertain to the assassination and Shalom Schwarzbard's trial. Contemporary reports, as well as commemorative articles are also included. A protest against the misinterpretation of Symon Petliura's role in a French document on Shalom Schwarzbard published in The Ukrainian Bulletin can be found, too. The last portion of newspaper clippings relates to the events in Germany in the early 1930s.

The personal documents are also included in this series. The series holds various affidavits and certificates confirming Shalom Schwarzbard's employment and work experience. It also contains release papers from the hospital, household receipts, as well as several business cards and a collection of addresses of Jewish relief organizations and newspapers.

11 Folders Showing 1 - 11

Folder 902: Correspondence with Jewish Veteran organizations , 1928-1937

Association des anciens combattants juive polonaise en France

Association des anciens combattants et engagés volontaires juifs dans l'armée française

Association des mutilés et anciens combatants de la Grande Guerre du Havre et de la région

Baltijas žīdun kaŗa biedrība ( Baltischer jüdischer Kriegs-Invaliden Verein )

Jewish War Veterans of the United States

Foreign Veterans Relief Drive

Hilfsverband der jüdischen Kriegsopfer, Invaliden, Witwen und Waisen in Wien

Les Voluntaires juifs

World Organization of Jewish Self-Defence – Referrals for Shalom Schwarzbard's trip to the United States and Canada

Haganah – Jüdischer Wehrsport-und Schutzverein (Vienna, Austria)

World Organization of Jewish War Invalids, Widows, and Orphans – Minutes of the Executive, correspondence

Folder 903: Correspondence with insurance associations , 1927-1938

Folder 904: Poems - On Shalom Schwarzbard's assassination of Symon Petliura , n.d., 1948, 1952

Folder 905: Poems - Anna Schwarzbard , 1939, 1944-1945, 1948

Folder 906: Announcements and flyers , 1925-1938?

Folder 907: Articles - Shalom Schwarzbard ,

Folder 908: Articles - On Shalom Schwarzbard , 1926-1934, 1948-1958

Folder 909: Personal documents , 1891-1939

Folder 910: Business and membership cards , 1919-1934

Folder 911: Newspapers clippings - Unsorted , undated, 1929-1934

Folder 912: Miscellaneous- Envelopes with inscriptions and notations , undated

see details for 11 folders

Archival Reference Information

Archival identifier

RG 85

Archival identifier

orig-RG 85

Author

Schwarzbard, Shalom

Author

Schwarzbard, Shalom

Language

Danish French German Hebrew Polish Russian Yiddish

Language

Danish

French

German

Hebrew

Polish

Russian

Yiddish

Date

1891-1958

Date

1917-1938

Search in the "Shalom Schwarzbard" Archival Collection (RG 85)

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